Clinical and Molecular Genetic Findings of Cerebral Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy
Burcu Sevinç Rüstemoğlu1
, Bedia Samanci2, Fatih Tepgeç1, Murat Kürtüncü2, Umut Altunoglu3, Tuncay Gündüz2, Gözde Yeşil4, Şahin Avcı3, Hakan Gürvit2, Başar Bilgiç2, Güven Toksoy1, Mefkure Eraksoy2, Haşmet Hanağası2, Zehra Oya Uyguner1
1Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
2Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
3Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
4Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey; Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
Keywords: CARASIL, CADASIL, autosomal dominant, recessive, NOTCH3, HTRA1
Abstract
Objective: Most lacunar strokes are sporadic, and hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and cardiovascular diseases are among its main risk factors. Strokes caused by small vessel diseases are generally associated with single-gene disorders with familial dominant and recessive inheritance. The most common condition is cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy, with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), associated with the NOTCH3 gene. An infrequent form of this disease is the cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), revealed with pathogenic HTRA1 gene variants related to distinct molecular pathways. The neurological and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are very similar to CADASIL; however, earlier than expected onset of common alopecia in man, low back pain, and more severe memory impairment are the differences in terms of clinical presentations. Clinical findings of 22 patients from 16 families with widespread white matter lesions in the periventricular field in the brain were investigated with molecular genetic findings.
Materials and Methods: Clinical examination results and cranial MRI findings are reported, and NOTCH3 and HTRA1 genes are sequenced stepwise by Sanger and next-generation sequencing techniques.
Results: Missense changes in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain in the NOTCH3 are found in 18 cases from 14 families. Two different homozygous pathogenic missense and non-sense variants, in the HTRA1 gene, were detected in four patients from two families. The disease onset age was approximately 16 years earlier in cases carrying pathogenic variants located in the encoding region of EGF-like domains 1-6 of NOTCH3.
Conclusion: In the NOTCH3 gene with c.382T>C (p.C128R), c.555T>G (p.C185W), and c.1903C>T (p.R635C) and in the HTRA1 gene c.235C>T (p.Q79*) are presented for the first time in this study. Molecular genetic investigation of CADASIL and CARASIL is important to support the clinical diagnosis, determine the inheritance model, provide patient and family counseling, manage disease process, and evaluate possible treatment strategies.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (date: 17.12.2015, no: 398480).
Signed consent was obtained.
Externally and internally peer-reviewed.
Surgical and Medical Practices: B.S., M.K., U.A., T.G., G.Y.S., Ş.A., H.G., B.B., M.E., H.H., Concept: B.S.R., F.T., Z.O.U., Design: B.S., Z.O.U., Data Collection or Processing: B.S.R., B.S., F.T., M.K., U.A., T.G., G.Y.S., Ş.A., H.G., B.B., G.T., M.E., H.H., Z.O.U., Analysis or Interpretation: B.S.R., B.S., F.T., M.K., U.A., T.G., G.Y.S., Ş.A., H.G., B.B., G.T., M.E., H.H., Z.O.U., Literature Search: B.S.R., B.S., F.T., Z.O.U., Writing: B.S.R., B.S., Z.O.U.
No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Istanbul University with the project TYL-2016-20217.