Apomorphine in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

Apomorphine is a dopamine agonist used in the treatment of some motor and non-motor complications during Parkinson’s disease, which could be administered as an intermittent or continuous infusion. Although apomorphine treatment has been shown to be effective on motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, there is no sufficient consensus regarding the administration of apomorphine test or infusion, and the management of the treatment. In this review, our aim is to create a “treatment management guideline,” which includes recommendations for the use of apomorphine in the clinical practice, and to discuss the problems encountered in both intermittent and continuous infusion applications, in the light of the literature.

*Ahmet Acarer (Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Ali Akyol (Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Önder Akyürekli (Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology - Retired), Sibel Altınayar (Inonu University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology - Retired) ), Hülya Apaydın (Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Dursun Aygün (Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Hatice Balaban (Liv Hospital, Neurology Clinic), Banu Özen Barut (University of Health Sciences, Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurology), Özgür Öztop Çakmak (Koc University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Gül Yalçın Çakmaklı (Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), F. Nazlı Durmaz Çelik (Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Beril Dönmez Çolakoğlu (Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Zafer Çolakoğlu (Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Selçuk Çomoğlu (Diskapi Yıldırım Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Clinic), Yıldız Değirmenci (Duzce University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Meltem Demirkıran (Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Bekir Enes Demiryürek (Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Hakan Ekmekci (Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Murat Emre (Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology - Retired), Sibel Ertan (Koc University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Gençer Genç (Health Sciences University, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Clinic), Sibel Güler (Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Murat Gültekin (Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Dilek İnce Günal (Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Ayşegül Gündüz (Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Pervin K. İşeri (Istanbul Atlas University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Hakan Kaleağası (Mersin University Faculty of Medicine Department of Neurology), Yeşim Sücüllü Karadağ (University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Neurology Clinic), Gülay Kenangil (Bahçeşehir University Hospital, Medicalpark Park, Neurology Clinic), Güneş Kızıltan (Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology), Bilge Koçer (Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurology), Özge Yılmaz Küsbeci (Izmir Economics University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Yaşar Kütükçü (Anadolu Health Center Hospital, Istanbul), E. Esra Okuyucu (Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Serkan Özben (Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of), Tuba Şaziye Özcan (Istanbul Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurology), Betül Özdilek (Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Sibel Özekmekçi ( MedAmerican Medical Center, Clinic of Neurology), Feriha Özer (Koç University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Yaprak Seçil (Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Hüseyin Şahin (Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Aysu Şen (Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurology), Ayşe Bora Tokçaer (Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Figen Tokuçoğlu (Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Esen Saka Topçuoğlu (Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology - Retired), Zeynep Tüfekçioğlu (Istanbul Aydin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Yakup Türkel (Kırıkkale Özel Yasam Hospital, Clinic of Neurology), Zuhal Yapıcı (Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Jale Yazıcı (Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology - Retired), Gülsen Babacan Yıldız (Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology), Mehmet Zarifoğlu (Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology)

Internally peer-reviewed.

S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D., Design: S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D., Data Collection or Processing: S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D., Analysis or Interpretation: S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D., Literature Search: S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D., Writing: S.Ö., S.E., B.E., S.S.Ö., R.Ç., M.C.A., H.H., O.D.

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

The authors declared that this study received no financial support.